S3-Leitlinie Therapie des Typ-1-Diabetes

Impressum

Die Erstellung der evidenzbasierten Leitlinie erfolgte im Auftrag der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG)

Präsident DDG: Prof. Dr. med. Dirk Müller-Wieland (2017 – 2019)

Vom Vorstand der DDG benannte Expertengruppe:

• Prof. Dr. Thomas Haak, Bad Mergentheim (Koordinator)

• Dr. Stefan Gölz, Esslingen

• Prof. Dr. Andreas Fritsche, Tübingen

• PD Dr. Martin Füchtenbusch, München

• Dr. Thorsten Siegmund, München

Vertreter weiterer Organisationen, die die Empfehlungen abgestimmt haben und die Leitlinie inhaltlich kommentierten:

• Elisabeth Schnellbächer; Verband der Diabetesberatungs- und Schulungsberufe Deutschlands

• Prof. Dr. Harald H. Klein, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin

• Prof. Dr. Claudia Spies, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin

• Dr. Til Uebel, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Familienmedizin

• Diana Droßel, Deutsche Diabetes Hilfe – Menschen mit Diabetes

• PD Dr. med. Susanna Wiegand, Deutsche Adipositas Gesellschaft

Methodische Bearbeitung (Literaturrecherche/Evidenzaufarbeitung/Methodenreport/Konsensuskonferenz/Moderation), Redaktion und Organisation:

Fakultät für Gesundheit, Department für Humanmedizin, Universität Witten/Herdecke

• Dr. Dawid Pieper

• Stefanie Bühn, MPH

Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF)

• Dr. Monika Nothacker, MPH

• Prof. Dr. Ina B. Kopp, Marburg

Lektorat

• Andrea Haring, Berlin

Kapitelautoren

• Schulung und psychosoziale Betreuung: Prof. Dr. phil. Bernhard Kulzer, Bad Mergentheim

• Weitere Therapieformen: PD Dr. med. Barbara Ludwig, Dresden; PD Dr. med. Peter Schenker, Bochum

Weitere Dokumente zu dieser Leitlinie:

Alle Dokumente zur Leitlinie sind auf den Seiten der AWMF unter der Registernummer 057/013 verfügbar: www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/057–013.html

Copyright © Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft, vertreten durch den jeweiligen Präsidenten

• Literatur

• 1 Adams G, Hunter J, Langley J. Is nurse-managed blood glucose control in critical care as safe and effective as the traditional sliding scale method?. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2009; 25 (06) 294-305 , EK III
• 2 Adler AI, Erqou S, Lima TAS. et al. Association between glycated haemoglobin and the risk of lower extremity amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus-review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2010; 53 (05) 840-849 , EK IIb/LoE 2++
• 3 Ahola AJ, Freese R, Mäkimattila S. et al. Dietary patterns are associated with various vascular health markers and complications in type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complicat 2016; 30 (06) 1144-1150 , EK III
• 4 Alto WA, Meyer D, Schneid J. et al. Assuring the accuracy of home glucose monitoring. J Am Board Fam Pract 2002; 15 (01) 1-6 , EK III
• 5 American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2018. Diabetes Care 2018 41. 02 EK IV
• 6 American Diabetes Association (ADA). 14. Diabetes Care in the Hospital. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (Suppl. 01) S120-S127 , EK IV
• 7 American Diabetes Association (ADA). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (Suppl. 01) S11-S24 , EK IV
• 8 American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2017. Diabetes Care 2017 40. 01 EK IV
• 9 Arai K, Yokoyama H, Okuguchi F. et al. Association between body mass index and core components of metabolic syndrome in 1486 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Japan (JDDM 13). Endocr J 2008; 55 (06) 1025-1032 , EK III
• 10 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Diabetes & Technologie (AGDT). Stellungnahme der AGDT zum Ersatz von Blutglukosemessungen durch Messungen mit Systemen zum kontinuierlichen real-time Glukosemonitoring (rt CGM) oder CGM mit intermittierendem Scannen (iscCGM). 2016 Available from: https://www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de/fileadmin/Redakteur/Dokumente_Startseite/Aktuelles/AGDT_Stellungnahme_Replacement_2016_11_11_korr_2016_12_15_final_clean.pdf [cited 2017-12–19]
• 11 Arranz A, Andia V, Lopez-Guzman A. A case of lipoatrophy with Lispro insulin without insulin pump therapy. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (02) 625-626 , EK III
• 12 Ashwell SG, Bradley C, Stephens JW. et al. Treatment satisfaction and quality of life with insulin glargine plus insulin lispro compared with NPH insulin plus unmodified human insulin in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31 (06) 1112-1117 , EK Ib
• 13 Barnard KD, Lloyd CE, Skinner TC. Systematic literature review: quality of life associated with insulin pump use in Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2007; 24 (06) 607-617 , EK Ia
• 14 Barrou Z, Seaquist ER, Robertson RP. Pancreas transplantation in diabetic humans normalizes hepatic glucose production during hypoglycemia. Diabetes 1994; 43 (05) 661-666 , EK III
• 15 Battelino T, Conget I, Olsen B. et al. The use and efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes treated with insulin pump therapy: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2012; 55 (12) 3155-3162 , EK Ia
• 16 Battelino T, Phillip M, Bratina N. et al. Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34 (04) 795-800 , EK Ia
• 17 Beck RW, Riddlesworth T, Ruedy K. et al. Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Using Insulin Injections: The DIAMOND Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2017; 317 (04) 371-378 , EK Ia
• 18 Becker BN, Rush SH, Dykstra DM. et al. Preemptive transplantation for patients with diabetes-related kidney disease. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166 (01) 44-48
• 19 Becker RHA, Dahmen R, Bergmann K. et al. New insulin glargine 300 Units · mL-1 provides a more even activity profile and prolonged glycemic control at steady state compared with insulin glargine 100 Units · mL-1: The ELEMENT 1 study. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (04) 637-643 , EK II
• 20 Becker RHA, Frick AD. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin glulisine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008; 47 (01) 7-20 , EK III
• 21 Bell KJ, Smart CE, Steil GM. et al. Impact of fat, protein, and glycemic index on postprandial glucose control in type 1 diabetes: Implications for intensive diabetes management in the continuous glucose monitoring era. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (06) 1008-1015 , EK III
• 22 Bell KJ, Toschi E, Steil GM. et al. Optimized Mealtime Insulin Dosing for Fat and Protein in Type 1 Diabetes: Application of a Model-Based Approach to Derive Insulin Doses for Open-Loop Diabetes Management. Diabetes Care 2016; 39 (09) 1631-1634 , EK IIa
• 23 Bellin MD, Kandaswamy R, Parkey J. et al. Prolonged insulin independence after islet allotransplants in recipients with type 1 diabetes. Am J Transplant 2008; 8 (11) 2463-2470
• 24 Bergenstal R, Pearson J, Cembrowski GS. et al. Identifying variables associated with inaccurate self-monitoring of blood glucose: proposed guidelines to improve accuracy. Diabetes Educ 2000; 26 (06) 981-989 , EK III
• 25 Bergenstal RM, Klonoff DC, Garg SK. et al. Threshold-based insulin-pump interruption for reduction of hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (03) 224-232 , EK Ib
• 26 Bergenstal RM, Tamborlane WV, Ahmann A. et al. Effectiveness of sensor-augmented insulin-pump therapy in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (04) 311-320
• 27 Bingley PJ, Bonifacio E, Mueller PW. Diabetes Antibody Standardization Program: first assay proficiency evaluation. Diabetes 2003; 52 (05) 1128-1136 , EK III
• 28 Bird P, Fowler I, Boyle MJ. Early rapid onset lipohypertrophy in a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Aust N Z J Med 1998; 28 (04) 467-468 , EK III
• 29 Blanco M, Hernández MT, Strauss KW. et al. Prevalence and risk factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injecting patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2013; 39 (05) 445-453 , EK III/LoE 3
• 30 Bode BW. Use of rapid-acting insulin analogues in the treatment of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: insulin pump therapy versus multiple daily injections. Clin Ther 2007; 29: S135-S144 , EK IV/LoE 4
• 31 de Boer I, Kestenbaum B, Rue TC. et al. Insulin therapy, hyperglycemia, and hypertension in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168 (17) 1867-1873 , EK Ib und EK IIa
• 32 Bolinder J, Antuna R, Geelhoed-Duijvestijn P. et al. Novel glucose-sensing technology and hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes: a multicentre, non-masked, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016; 388: 2254-2263 , EK Ib
• 33 Bolli GB, Kerr D, Thomas R. et al. Comparison of a multiple daily insulin injection regimen (basal once-daily glargine plus mealtime lispro) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (lispro) in type 1 diabetes: a randomized open parallel multicenter study. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (07) 1170-1176 , EK Ib
• 34 Bonadonna RC, Cucinotta D, Fedele D. et al. The metabolic syndrome is a risk indicator of microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes: results from Metascreen, a multicenter diabetes clinic-based survey. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (12) 2701-2707 , EK III/LoE 3
• 35 Bott S, Bott U, Berger M. et al. Intensified insulin therapy and the risk of severe hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia 1997; 40 (08) 926-932 , EK IIb
• 36 Bott U, Ebrahim S, Hirschberger S. et al. Effect of the rapid-acting insulin analogue insulin aspart on quality of life and treatment satisfaction in patients with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2003; 20 (08) 626-634 , EK Ib/LoE 1-
• 37 Bottazzo GF, Florin-Christensen A, Doniach D. Islet-cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus with autoimmune polyendocrine deficiencies. Lancet 1974; 2: 1279-1283 , EK III
• 38 Brands AM, Biessels GJ, de Haan EH. et al. The effects of type 1 diabetes on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2005; 28 (03) 726-735 , EK Ia
• 39 Brismar T, Maurex L, Cooray G. et al. Predictors of cognitive impairment in type 1 diabetes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32 (08) 1041-1051 , EK IIb
• 40 Broers S, Le Cessie S, van Vliet KP. et al. Blood Glucose Awareness Training in Dutch Type 1 diabetes patients. Short-term evaluation of individual and group training. Diabet Med 2002; 19 (02) 157-161 , EK IIb
• 41 Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F. et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (02) 125-139 , EK Ib
• 42 Brunner GA, Hirschberger S, Sendlhofer G. et al. Post-prandial administration of the insulin analogue insulin aspart in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2000; 17 (05) 371-375 , EK Ib
• 43 Brunner M, Pieber T, Korsatko S. et al. The Distinct Prandial and Basal Pharmacodynamics of IDegAsp Observed in Younger Adults Are Preserved in Elderly Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes. Drugs Aging 2015; 32 (07) 583-590 , EK II
• 44 Buchleitner AM, Martínez-Alonso M, Hernández M. et al. Perioperative glycaemic control for diabetic patients undergoing surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 CD007315, EK II
• 45 Bühn S, Breuing J, Mathes T. et al. Evidenzbericht zu ausgewählten Rechercheaufträgen im Rahmen der S3-Leitlinie „Therapie des Typ-1-Diabetes“. Witten/Herdecke: IFOM – Institut für Forschung in der Operativen Medizin (Universität Witten/Herdecke); 2016
• 46 Bull SV, Douglas IS, Foster M. et al. Mandatory protocol for treating adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis decreases intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay: results of a nonrandomized trial. Crit Care Med 2007; 35 (01) 41-46 , EK IIb
• 47 Bundesärztekammer, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften, Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung. Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Nierenerkrankungen bei Diabetes im Erwachsenenalter. 2010
• 48 Bundesärztekammer, Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften. Programm für Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinien – Methodenreport. 2017 Available from: 5. Auflage. Version 1. http://www.leitlinien.de/methodik [cited 2018-01-30], EK IV
• 49 Bundesärztekammer, Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften. Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Neuropathie bei Diabetes im Erwachsenenalter. 2010
• 50 Bundesärztekammer, Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften. Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Typ-2-Diabetes – Nierenerkrankungen bei Diabetes im Erwachsenenalter. Version Konsultation 1.0 2010
• 51 Bundesärztekammer, Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften. Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Typ-2-Diabetes – Präventions- und Behandlungsstrategien für Fuβkomplikationen. Version 2.8. 2006
• 52 Bundesärztekammer (BÄK), Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Prävention und Therapie von Netzhautkomplikationen bei Diabetes – Langfassung. 2015 Available from: 2. Auflage. Version 2. http://www.netzhautkomplikationen.versorgungsleitlinien.de [cited 2017-10-19], EK IV
• 53 Bundesärztekammer (BÄK), Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV), Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Diabetes – Strukturierte Schulungsprogramme – Langfassung. 2012 Available from: 1. Auflage. Version 4. http://www.dm-schulung.versorgungsleitlinien.de [cited 2017-11-04], EK IV.
• 54 Butkiewicz EK, Leibson CL, O'Brien PC. et al. Insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. Bolus insulin injection versus continuous insulin infusion. Diabetes Care 1995; 18 (08) 1187-1190 , EK IIb
• 55 Callaghan BC, Little AA, Feldman EL. et al. Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 CD007543, EK Ib
• 56 Campbell PM, Senior PA, Salam A. et al. High risk of sensitization after failed islet transplantation. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (10) 2311-2317
• 57 Canadian Diabetes Association. 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. 2013 Available from: http://guidelines.diabetes.ca/app_themes/cdacpg/resources/cpg_2013_full_en.pdf [cited 2017-07-23], EK IV
• 58 Cantor AB, Krischer JP, Cuthbertson DD. et al. Age and family relationship accentuate the risk of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in relatives of patients with IDDM. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80 (12) 3739-3743 , EK IIb
• 59 Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K. et al. Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. Stroke 2001; 32 (10) 2426-2432 , EK III
• 60 Chen HS, Wu TE, Jap TS. et al. Effects of health education on glycemic control during holiday time in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Manag Care 2008; 14 (01) 45-51 , EK Ib/LoE 1-
• 61 Chen R, Ben-Haroush A, Weismann-Brenner A. et al. Level of glycemic control and pregnancy outcome in type 1 diabetes: a comparison between multiple daily insulin injections and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197 (04) 404-405 , EK IIb
• 62 Cheng D, Fei Y, Liu Y. et al. HbA_1c variability and the risk of renal status progression in Diabetes Mellitus: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9 (12) e115509 , EK Ib
• 63 Cherney DZI, Perkins BA, Soleymanlou N. et al. Renal hemodynamic effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2014; 129 (05) 587-597 , EK IIb/LoE 2+
• 64 Chiasson JL, ris-Jilwan N, Belanger R. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. CMAJ 2003; 168 (07) 859-866 , EK IV
• 65 Chillarón JJ, Flores Le-Roux JA, Benaiges D. et al. Type 1 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Metab Clin Exp 2014; 63 (02) 181-187 , EK IV/LoE 4
• 66 Chillarón JJ, Goday A, Flores-Le-Roux JA. et al. Estimated glucose disposal rate in assessment of the metabolic syndrome and microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94 (09) 3530-3534 , EK III/LoE 3
• 67 Choudhary P, Rickels MR, Senior PA. et al. Evidence-informed clinical practice recommendations for treatment of type 1 diabetes complicated by problematic hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (06) 1016-1029 , EK IV
• 68 Christensen MB, Gotfredsen A, Nørgaard K. Efficacy of basal-bolus insulin regimens in the inpatient management of non-critically ill patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017 33. EK Ia/LoE 1+
• 69 Clarke WL, Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick LA. et al. Reduced awareness of hypoglycemia in adults with IDDM. A prospective study of hypoglycemic frequency and associated symptoms. Diabetes Care 1995; 18 (04) 517-522 , EK IIb
• 70 Cleary PA, Orchard TJ, Genuth S. et al. The effect of intensive glycemic treatment on coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetic participants of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study. Diabetes 2006; 55 (12) 3556-3565 , EK III
• 71 Conway B, Miller RG, Costacou T. et al. Temporal patterns in overweight and obesity in Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2010; 27 (04) 398-404 , EK III/LoE 3
• 72 Conwell LS, Pope E, Artiles AM. et al. Dermatological complications of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2008; 152 (05) 622-628 , EK III/LoE 3
• 73 Cordell HJ, Todd JA. Multifactorial inheritance in type 1 diabetes. Trends Genet 1995; 11 (12) 499-504 , EK IV
• 74 Coster S, Gulliford MC, Seed PT. et al. Monitoring blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2000; 4 (12) i-93 , EK Ia
• 75 Cox D, Gonder-Frederick L, Polonsky W. et al. A multicenter evaluation of blood glucose awareness training-II. Diabetes Care 1995; 18 (04) 523-528 , EK IIb
• 76 Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick L, Julian DM. et al. Long-term follow-up evaluation of blood glucose awareness training. Diabetes Care 1994; 17 (01) 1-5 , EK IIb
• 77 Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick L, Polonsky W. et al. Blood glucose awareness training (BGAT-2): long-term benefits. Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (04) 637-642 , EK IIb
• 78 Cranston I, Lomas J, Amiel SA. et al. Restoration of hypoglycaemia awareness in patients with long-duration insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1994; 344: 283-287 , EK III
• 79 Cryer PE. The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57 (12) 3169-3176 , EK III
• 80 Cypryk K, Kosinski M, Kaminska P. et al. Diabetes control and pregnancy outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes treated during pregnancy with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or multiple daily insulin injections. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2008; 118 (06) 339-344 , EK IIb
• 81 DAFNE Study Group. Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial. 2002; 325: 746 , EK Ib
• 82 Dandona P, Mathieu C, Phillip M. et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with inadequately controlled type 1 diabetes (DEPICT-1): 24 week results from a multicentre, double-blind, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017 EK Ib/LoE 1-
• 83 DCCT Research Group. Hypoglycemia in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1997; 46 (02) 271-286 , EK Ib
• 84 DCCT Research Group. The absence of a glycemic threshold for the development of long-term complications: the perspective of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1996; 45 (10) 1289-1298 , EK III
• 85 DCCT Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329 (14) 977-986 , EK Ib
• 86 DCCT Research Group. Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial. Am J Med 1991; 90 (04) 450-459 , EK Ib
• 87 Deary IJ, Hepburn DA, MacLeod KM. et al. Partitioning the symptoms of hypoglycaemia using multi-sample confirmatory factor analysis. Diabetologia 1993; 36 (08) 771-777 , EK III/LoE 3
• 88 Del Carro U, Fiorina P, Amadio S. et al. Evaluation of polyneuropathy markers in type 1 diabetic kidney transplant patients and effects of islet transplantation: Neurophysiological and skin biopsy longitudinal analysis. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (12) 3063-3069 , EK IIb
• 89 Della Manna T, Steinmetz L, Campos PR. et al. Subcutaneous use of a fast-acting insulin analog: an alternative treatment for pediatric patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care 2005; 28 (08) 1856-1861 , EK Ib
• 90 Deng S, Markmann JF, Rickels M. et al. Islet alone versus islet after kidney transplantation: Metabolic outcomes and islet graft survival. Transplantation 2009; 88 (06) 820-825 , EK IIb
• 91 Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG). S2k-Leitlinie Diagnostik, Therapie und Verlaufskontrolle des Diabetes mellitus im Alter. Angemeldete Leitlinie in Entstehung. 2017 Available from: http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/anmeldung/1/ll/057-017.html , EK IV
• 92 Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG). Positionspapier der DDG zur Therapie des Diabetes mellitus im Krankenhaus: Fassung Mai 2017. 2016 Available from: https://www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de/fileadmin/Redakteur/Leitlinien/Evidenzbasierte_Leitlinien/2017/Positionspapier_der_DDG_zur_Therapie_des_DM_im_Krankenhaus_2._revidierte_Fassung_Dreyer_2017_SV_30052017.pdf [cited 2017-09-23], EK IV
• 93 Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG); Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pädiatrische Diabetologie (AGPD). S3-Leitlinie Diagnostik, Therapie und Verlaufskontrolle des Diabetes mellitus im Kindes- und Jugendalter. 2015 Available from: http://www.deutsche-diabetes-gesellschaft.de/fileadmin/Redakteur/Leitlinien/Evidenzbasierte_Leitlinien/DM_im_Kinder-_und_Jugendalter_20151206.pdf [cited 2017-11-04], EK IV
• 94 Dewey CM, Riley WJ. Have diabetes, will travel. Postgrad Med 1999; 105 (02) 111-118 , 124, EK IV
• 95 DeWitt DE, Hirsch IB. Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: scientific review. JAMA 2003; 289 (17) 2254-2264 , EK Ib
• 96 Dhatariya K, Levy N, Kilvert A. et al. NHS Diabetes guideline for the perioperative management of the adult patient with diabetes. Diabet Med 2012; 29 (04) 420-433 , EK IV/LoE 4
• 97 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Group. Implementation of treatment protocols in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 1995; 18 (03) 361-376 , EK Ia
• 98 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). Mortality in Type 1 Diabetes in the DCCT/EDIC Versus the General Population. Diabetes Care 2016; 39 (08) 1378-1383 , EK III
• 99 Donnelly LA, Morris AD, Frier BM. et al. Frequency and predictors of hypoglycaemia in Type 1 and insulin-treated Type 2 diabetes: a population-based study. Diabet Med 2005; 22 (06) 749-755 , EK IIb
• 100 Driessen SO, Cobelens FG, Ligthelm RJ. Travel-related morbidity in travelers with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Travel Med 1999; 6 (01) 12-15 , EK III
• 101 Ehrmann D, Bergis-Jurgan N, Haak T. et al. Comparison of the Efficacy of a Diabetes Education Programme for Type 1 Diabetes (PRIMAS) in a Randomised Controlled Trial Setting and the Effectiveness in a Routine Care Setting: Results of a Comparative Effectiveness Study. PLoS One 2016; 11 (01) e0147581 , EK IIb
• 102 Elbelt U, Hahner S, Allolio B. Altered insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes and primary adrenal insufficiency receiving standard glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160 (06) 919-924 , EK III
• 103 El-Menyar A, Mekkodathil A, Al-Thani H. Traumatic injuries in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2016; 9 (02) 64-72 , EK III
• 104 Ersoz HO, Ukinc K, Kose M. et al. Subcutaneous lispro and intravenous regular insulin treatments are equally effective and safe for the treatment of mild and moderate diabetic ketoacidosis in adult patients. Int J Clin Pract 2006; 60 (04) 429-433 , EK Ib
• 105 Famulla S, Hovelmann U, Fischer A. et al. Insulin Injection Into Lipohypertrophic Tissue: Blunted and More Variable Insulin Absorption and Action and Impaired Postprandial Glucose Control. Diabetes Care 2016; 39 (09) 1486-1492 , EK II/LoE 1-
• 106 Fanelli CG, Epifano L, Rambotti AM. et al. Meticulous prevention of hypoglycemia normalizes the glycemic thresholds and magnitude of most of neuroendocrine responses to, symptoms of, and cognitive function during hypoglycemia in intensively treated patients with short-term IDDM. Diabetes 1993; 42 (11) 1683-1689 , EK IIb
• 107 Farrar D, Tuffnell DJ, West J. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 CD005542, EK Ia
• 108 Fatourechi MM, Kudva YC, Murad MH. et al. Clinical review: Hypoglycemia with intensive insulin therapy: a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized trials of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94 (03) 729-740 , EK Ia
• 109 Feig DS, Donovan LE, Corcoy R. et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): A multicentre international randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017 EK Ib
• 110 Ferrari-Lacraz S, Berney T, Morel P. et al. Low risk of anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody sensitization after combined kidney and islet transplantation: CD154:CD40 costimulatory blockade at primary bone marrow transplantation promotes engraftment for secondary bone marrow transplantation after engraftment failure. Transplantation 2008; 86 (02) 357-359 , EK IIb
• 111 Fiorina P, Folli F, Bertuzzi F. et al. Long-Term Beneficial Effect of Islet Transplantation on Diabetic Macro-/Microangiopathy in Type 1 Diabetic Kidney-Transplanted Patients. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (04) 1129-1136 , EK IIa
• 112 Fiorina P, Venturini M, Folli F. et al. Natural History of Kidney Graft Survival, Hypertrophy, and Vascular Function in End-Stage Renal Disease Type 1 Diabetic Kidney-Transplanted Patients: Beneficial impact of pancreas and successful islet cotransplantation. Diabetes Care 2005; 28 (06) 1303-1310 , EK IIa
• 113 Fort P, Waters SM, Lifshitz F. Low-dose insulin infusion in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis: bolus versus no bolus. J Pediatr 1980; 96 (01) 36-40 , EK IIa
• 114 Frid AH, Hirsch LJ, Menchior AR. et al. Worldwide Injection Technique Questionnaire Study: Injecting Complications and the Role of the Professional. Mayo Clin Proc 2016; 91 (09) 1224-1230 , EK Ib
• 115 Frid AH, Kreugel G, Grassi G. et al. New Insulin Delivery Recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc 2016; 91 (09) 1231-1255 , EK Ib
• 116 Fridell JA, Mangus RS, Hollinger EF. et al. The case for pancreas after kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant 2009; 23 (04) 447-453 , EK 3
• 117 Frier BM. Defining hypoglycaemia: what level has clinical relevance?. Diabetologia 2009; 52 (01) 31-34 , EK III
• 118 Fritsche A, Stefan N, Haring H. et al. Avoidance of hypoglycemia restores hypoglycemia awareness by increasing beta-adrenergic sensitivity in type 1 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134 (09) 729-736 , EK IIb
• 119 Fullerton B, Jeitler K, Seitz M. et al. Intensive glucose control versus conventional glucose control for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 CD009122, EK Ia
• 120 Fullerton B, Siebenhofer A, Jeitler K. et al. Short-acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016 CD012161, EK Ia/LoE 1++
• 121 Gale SC, Sicoutris C, Reilly PM. et al. Poor glycemic control is associated with increased mortality in critically ill trauma patients. Am Surg 2007; 73 (05) 454-460 , EK III
• 122 Gamba G, Oseguera J, Castrejon M. et al. Bicarbonate therapy in severe diabetic ketoacidosis. A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. Rev Invest Clin 1991; 43 (03) 234-238 , EK Ib
• 123 Gandhi GY, Murad MH, Flynn DN. et al. Immunotherapeutic agents in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69 (02) 244-252 , EK Ia
• 124 Geddes J, Schopman JE, Zammitt NN. et al. Prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2008; 25 (04) 501-504 , EK IIb
• 125 Geddes J, Wright RJ, Zammitt NN. et al. An evaluation of methods of assessing impaired awareness of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (07) 1868-1870 , EK IIb
• 126 Gehr B, Holder M, Kulzer B. et al. SPECTRUM. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2017; 11 (02) 284-289 , EK 4
• 127 Gerber PA, Pavlicek V, Demartines N. et al. Simultaneous islet-kidney vs pancreas-kidney transplantation in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A 5 year single centre follow-up. Diabetologia 2008; 51 (01) 110-119 , LoE 2++
• 128 Gerich JE, Mokan M, Veneman T. et al. Hypoglycemia unawareness. Endocr Rev 1991; 12 (04) 356-371 , EK III
• 129 Gimenez M, Conget I, Nicolau J. et al. Outcome of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or conventional therapy. A case-control study. Acta Diabetol 2007; 44 (01) 34-37 , EK III
• 130 Gold AE, MacLeod KM, Frier BM. Frequency of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type I diabetes with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 1994; 17 (07) 697-703 , EK IIb
• 131 Goldberg PA, Siegel MD, Sherwin RS. et al. Implementation of a safe and effective insulin infusion protocol in a medical intensive care unit. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (02) 461-467 , EK IIb
• 132 Gonzalez JS, Peyrot M, McCarl LA. et al. Depression and diabetes treatment nonadherence: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2008; 31 (12) 2398-2403 , EK IIb
• 133 Gordon D, Semple CG, Paterson KR. Do different frequencies of self-monitoring of blood glucose influence control in type 1 diabetic patients?. Diabet Med 1991; 8 (07) 679-682 , EK Ib
• 134 Gorst C, Kwok CS, Aslam S. et al. Long-term Glycemic Variability and Risk of Adverse Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (12) 2354-2369 , EK Ib
• 135 Grassi G, Scuntero P, Trepiccioni R. et al. Optimizing insulin injection technique and its effect on blood glucose control. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2014; 1 (04) 145-150 , EK III/LoE 3
• 136 Graveling AJ, Frier BM. Hypoglycaemia: an overview. Prim Care Diabetes 2009; 3 (03) 131-139 , EK III
• 137 Graveling AJ, Warren RE, Frier BM. Hypoglycaemia and driving in people with insulin-treated diabetes: adherence to recommendations for avoidance. Diabet Med 2004; 21 (09) 1014-1019 , EK III
• 138 Gray RS, Cowan P, Duncan LJ. et al. Reversal of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes following initiation of insulin treatment. Diabet Med 1986; 3 (01) 18-23 , EK III
• 139 Griesdale DE, de Souza RJ, van Dam RM. et al. Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data. CMAJ 2009; 180 (08) 821-827 , EK Ia
• 140 Grigoryan OR, Grodnitskaya EE, Andreeva EN. et al. Contraception in perimenopausal women with diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006; 22 (04) 198-206 , EK IIb
• 141 Groos; Kretschmann, J.; Macare, C.; Weber, A.; Hagen, B. Qualitätssicherungsbericht 2015 Disease Management Programme in Nordrhein, Langfassung. Version 4. 2016 Available from: http://www.zi-dmp.de/Files/QSB15_Gesamtdokument_V4.pdf [cited 2017-04-24], EK III
• 142 Gruessner AC, Gruessner RWG. Pancreas Transplantation of US and Non-US Cases from 2005 to 2014 as Reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) and the International Pancreas Transplant Registry (IPTR). Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 13 (01) 35-58 , LoE 3
• 143 Gruessner RWG, Sutherland DER, Gruessner AC. Mortality assessment for pancreas transplants. Am J Transplant 2004; 4 (12) 2018-2026 , LoE 3
• 144 Haahr H, Heise T. A review of the pharmacological properties of insulin degludec and their clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 53 (09) 787-800 , EK I
• 145 Haak T. Insulintherapie. In: Haak T, Palitzsch KD. editors Diabetologie für die Praxis: Fallorientierte Darstellung; Diagnostik und Therapie. 1.. Aufl. s.l Georg Thieme Verlag KG; 2012: 345-348
• 146 Haak T, Hanaire H, Ajjan R. et al. Use of Flash Glucose-Sensing Technology for 12 months as a Replacement for Blood Glucose Monitoring in Insulin-treated Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Ther 2017; 8 (03) 573-586 , LoE 1-
• 147 Haak T, Kellerer M. Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft. Diagnostik, Therapie und Verlaufskontrolle des Diabetes mellitus im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Mainz: Kirchheim; 2009
• 148 Hale PJ, Crase J, Nattrass M. Metabolic effects of bicarbonate in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 289: 1035-1038 , EK IIa
• 149 Hamann A, Matthaei S, Rosak C. et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing breakfast, dinner, or bedtime administration of insulin glargine in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (06) 1738-1744 , EK Ib/LoE 1-
• 150 Hamilton J, Cummings E, Zdravkovic V. et al. Metformin as an adjunct therapy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (01) 138-143 , EK Ib/LoE 1-
• 151 Harsch IA, Stocker S, Radespiel-Troger M. et al. Traffic hypoglycaemias and accidents in patients with diabetes mellitus treated with different antidiabetic regimens. J Intern Med 2002; 252 (04) 352-360 , EK III
• 152 Hasslacher C, Vogt C, Raupp D. et al. Insulinbedarf bei Typ-1-Diabetikern mit nachlassender Nierenfunktion: Human-Insulin versus Analog-Insulin. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2007; 132 (47) 2500-2504 , EK III
• 153 Hauner H, Stockamp B, Haastert B. Prevalence of lipohypertrophy in insulin-treated diabetic patients and predisposing factors. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1996; 104 (02) 106-110 , EK III
• 154 Hawa MI, Kolb H, Schloot N. et al. Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes in Europe is prevalent with a broad clinical phenotype: Action LADA 7. Diabetes Care 2013; 36 (04) 908-913 , EK III LoE 3
• 155 Heber D, Molitch ME, Sperling MA. Low-dose continuous insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. Prospective comparison with "conventional" insulin therapy. Arch Intern Med 1977; 137 (10) 1377-1380 , EK Ib
• 156 Heise T, Eckers U, Kanc K. et al. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of different formulations of biphasic insulin aspart: A randomized, glucose clamp, crossover study. Diabetes Technol Ther 2008; 10 (06) 479-485 , EK II
• 157 Heise T, Hövelmann U, Nosek L. et al. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of insulin degludec and insulin glargine. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11 (08) 1193-1201 , EK III
• 158 Heise T, Nosek L, Roepstorff C. et al. Distinct Prandial and Basal Glucose-Lowering Effects of Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart (IDegAsp) at Steady State in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Ther 2014; 5 (01) 255-265 , EK II
• 159 Heise T, Pieber TR. Towards peakless, reproducible and long-acting insulins. An assessment of the basal analogues based on isoglycaemic clamp studies. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 9 (05) 648-659 , EK I
• 160 Heise T, Pieber TR, Danne T. et al. A Pooled Analysis of Clinical Pharmacology Trials Investigating the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Clin Pharmacokinet 2017; 56 (05) 551-559 , EK II
• 161 Heise T, Weyer C, Serwas A. et al. Time-Action Profiles of Novel Premixed Preparations of Insulin Lispro and NPL Insulin. Diabetes Care 1998; 21 (05) 800-803 , EK III
• 162 Henry RR, Rosenstock J, Edelman S. et al. Exploring the potential of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in type 1 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (03) 412-419 , EK Ib/LoE 1-
• 163 Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Ehrmann D. et al. The effect of a diabetes education programme (PRIMAS) for people with type 1 diabetes: Results of a randomized trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 102 (03) 149-157 , EK Ib
• 164 Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Krichbaum M. et al. Long-term effect of an education program (HyPOS) on the incidence of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (03) e36 , EK Ib
• 165 Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Krichbaum M. Problemspezifische Patientenschulung. Übersicht zu einem wesentlichen Bestandteil der Diabetestherapie. Diabetologe 2008; 4 (05) 361-367 , EK III
• 166 Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Kubiak T. et al. The effect of an education programme (HyPOS) to treat hypoglycaemia problems in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007; 23 (07) 528-538 , EK Ib
• 167 Hermansen K, Fontaine P, Kukolja KK. et al. Insulin analogues (insulin detemir and insulin aspart) versus traditional human insulins (NPH insulin and regular human insulin) in basal-bolus therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2004; 47 (04) 622-629 , EK Ib
• 168 Hill M, Garcia R, Dunn T. et al. What happens to the kidney in an SPK transplant when the pancreas fails due to a technical complication?. Clin Transplant 2008; 22 (04) 456-461 , LoE 3
• 169 Hirst JA, Aronson JK, Feakins BG. et al. Short- and medium-term effects of light to moderate alcohol intake on glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Diabet Med 2017; 34 (05) 604-611 , EK Ia
• 170 Hofmann M, Köhler B, Leichsenring F. et al. Depression as a risk factor for mortality in individuals with diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One 2013; 8 (11) e79809 , EK I
• 171 Hoi-Hansen T, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Thorsteinsson B. Classification of hypoglycemia awareness in people with type 1 diabetes in clinical practice. J Diabetes Complications 2009 EK IIb
• 172 Hoogma RP, Hammond PJ, Gomis R. et al. Comparison of the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and NPH-based multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) on glycaemic control and quality of life: results of the 5-nations trial. Diabet Med 2006; 23 (02) 141-147 , EK Ib
• 173 House of Commons – Science and Technology Committee. Alcohol guidelines. Eleventh Report of Session 2010–12. 2011 Available from: http://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmsctech/1536/1536.pdf [cited 2017-11-24], LoE 4
• 174 Huang E, Wiseman A, Okumura S. et al. Outcomes of Preemptive Kidney With or Without Subsequent Pancreas Transplant Compared With Preemptive Simultaneous Pancreas/Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 2011; 92 (10) 1115-1122 , EK Ib
• 175 Huang W, Connor E, Rosa TD. et al. Although DR3-DQB1*0201 may be associated with multiple component diseases of the autoimmune polyglandular syndromes, the human leukocyte antigen DR4-DQB1*0302 haplotype is implicated only in beta-cell autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81 (07) 2559-2563 , EK IIb
• 176 Hussein SF, Siddique H, Coates P. et al. Lipoatrophy is a thing of the past, or is it?. Diabet Med 2007; 24 (12) 1470-1472 , EK III
• 177 Huurman VA, Decochez K, Mathieu C. et al. Therapy with the hsp60 peptide DiaPep277 in C-peptide positive type 1 diabetes patients. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007; 23 (04) 269-275 , EK Ib
• 178 Imagawa A, Hanafusa T, Miyagawa J. Osaka IDDM Study Group. et al. A novel subtype of type 1 diabetes mellitus characterized by a rapid onset and an absence of diabetes-related antibodies. N Engl J Med 2000; 342 (05) 301-307 , EK III
• 179 Insel RA, Dunne JL, Atkinson MA. et al. Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: a scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (10) 1964-1974 , EK IV/LoE 4
• 180 Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen. Langwirksame Insulinanaloga zur Behandlung des Diabetes mellitus Typ 1. Abschlussbericht. Auftrag A05-01. Version 1.0. 2010
• 181 Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen. Kurzwirksame Insulinanaloga zur Behandlung des Diabetes mellitus Typ 1. Abschlussbericht. Auftrag A05-02. Version 1.0. 2007 Available from: http://www.iqwig.de/download/A05-02_Abschlussbericht_Kurzwirksame_Insulinanaloga_bei_Diabetes_mellitus_Typ_1.pdf
• 182 Isermann B, Ritzel R, Zorn M. et al. Autoantibodies in diabetes mellitus: current utility and perspectives. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2007; 115 (08) 483-490 , EK IV
• 183 Jacobson AM, Musen G, Ryan CM. et al. Long-term effect of diabetes and its treatment on cognitive function. N Engl J Med 2007; 356 (18) 1842-1852 , EK IIb
• 184 James ML, Green L, Amiel SA. et al. Evaluation of the Effect of Carbohydrate Intake on Postprandial Glucose in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Treated With Insulin Pumps. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10 (06) 1287-1293 , EK III
• 185 Jannasch F, Kröger J, Schulze MB. Dietary Patterns and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. J Nutr 2017; 147 (06) 1174-1182 , EK III
• 186 Jefferies C, Cutfield SW, Derraik JGB. et al. 15-year incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes in children from a regional setting (Auckland, New Zealand). Sci Rep 2015; 5: 10358 , EK III
• 187 Jeitler K, Horvath K, Berghold A. et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily insulin injections in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2008; 51 (06) 941-951 , EK Ia
• 188 Johansson BL, Borg K, Fernqvist-Forbes E. et al. Beneficial effects of C-peptide on incipient nephropathy and neuropathy in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2000; 17 (03) 181-189 , LoE 1-
• 189 Johansson UB, Amsberg S, Hannerz L. et al. Impaired absorption of insulin aspart from lipohypertrophic injection sites. Diabetes Care 2005; 28 (08) 2025-2027 , EK Ib
• 190 Johnson DD, Palumbo PJ, Chu CP. Diabetic ketoacidosis in a community-based population. Mayo Clin Proc 1980; 55 (02) 83-88 , EK III
• 191 Joint British Diabetes Societies for inpatient care (JBDS-IP). The Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Adults: Second Edition Update: September 2013. 2013 Available from: http://www.diabetologists-abcd.org.uk/JBDS/JBDS_IP_DKA_Adults_Revised.pdf [cited 2017-09-23], EK IV
• 192 Joint British Diabetes Societies for inpatient care (JBDS-IP). The management of the hyperosmolar The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults with diabetes: August 2012. 2012 Available from: https://diabetes-resources-production.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/diabetes-storage/migration/pdf/JBDS-IP-HHS-Adults.pdf [cited 2017-09-23], EK IV
• 193 Joint British Diabetes Societies for inpatient care (JBDS-IP). Management of adults with diabetes undergoing surgery and elective procedures: Improving standards. Summary. Revised March 2016. 2011 Available from: http://www.diabetologists-abcd.org.uk/JBDS/Surgical_guideline_2015_summary_FINAL_amended_Mar_2016.pdf [cited 2017-10-19], EK IV/LoE 4
• 194 Katon WJ, Young BA, Russo J. et al. Association of depression with increased risk of severe hypoglycemic episodes in patients with diabetes. Ann Fam Med 2013; 11 (03) 245-250 , EK I
• 195 Kendall DM, Rooney DP, Smets YF. et al. Pancreas transplantation restores epinephrine response and symptom recognition during hypoglycemia in patients with long-standing type I diabetes and autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes 1997; 46 (02) 249-257 , EK III
• 196 Kinsley BT, Weinger K, Bajaj M. et al. Blood glucose awareness training and epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia during intensive treatment in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22 (07) 1022-1028 , EK Ib
• 197 Kitabchi AE, Ayyagari V, Guerra SM. The efficacy of low-dose versus conventional therapy of insulin for treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med 1976; 84 (06) 633-638 , EK Ib
• 198 Kitabchi AE, Murphy MB, Spencer J. et al. Is a priming dose of insulin necessary in a low-dose insulin protocol for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis?. Diabetes Care 2008; 31 (11) 2081-2085 , EK Ib
• 199 Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Fisher JN. et al. Thirty years of personal experience in hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93 (05) 1541-1552 , EK III
• 200 Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM. et al. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (07) 1335-1343 , EK IV
• 201 Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB. et al. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (12) 2739-2748 , EK IV
• 202 Klein BEK, Klein R. Further insight on the limits of success of glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64 (02) 341-343 , EK III
• 203 Kleinwechter; Bührer, C.; Hunger-Battefeld, W.; Kainer, F.; Kautzky-Willer, A.; Pawlowski, B. Diabetes und Schwangerschaft: Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie der Deutschen Diabetes Gesellschaft [Stand 12/2014]. 2008 Available from: http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/057-023l_S3_Diabetes_und_Schwangerschaft_2014-12.pdf , EK IV
• 204 Kodl CT, Seaquist ER. Cognitive dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev 2008; 29 (04) 494-511 , EK III
• 205 Koehler G, Treiber G, Wutte A. et al. Pharmacodynamics of the long-acting insulin analogues detemir and glargine following single-doses and under steady-state conditions in patients with type 1 diabetes: 57-62; EK II. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16 (01) 57-62 , EK II
• 206 Kordonouri O, Lauterborn R, Deiss D. Lipohypertrophy in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25 (03) 634 , EK IIb
• 207 Krinsley JS. Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78 (12) 1471-1478 , EK III
• 208 Kufeldt J, Kovarova M, Adolph M. et al. Prevalence and Distribution of Diabetes Mellitus in a Maximum Care Hospital: Urgent Need for HbA_1c-Screening. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2017 EK IV
• 209 Kulzer B, Albus C, Herpertz S. et al. Psychosoziales und Diabetes (Teil 1). Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2013; 8 (03) 198-242 , EK IV
• 210 Kulzer B, Albus C, Herpertz S. et al. Psychosoziales und Diabetes (Teil 2). Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2013; 8 (04) 292-324 , EK IV
• 211 Lachin JM, Genuth S, Nathan DM. et al. Effect of glycemic exposure on the risk of microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial--revisited. Diabetes 2008; 57 (04) 995-1001 , EK III
• 212 Laing SP, Swerdlow AJ, Slater SD. et al. The British Diabetic Association Cohort Study, II: cause-specific mortality in patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1999; 16 (06) 466-471 , EK IIb
• 213 Langeland LBL, Salvesen O, Selle H. et al. Short-term continuous glucose monitoring: effects on glucose and treatment satisfaction in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus; a randomized controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract 2012; 66 (08) 741-747 , EK Ia
• 214 Langendam M, Luijf YM, Hooft L. et al. Continuous glucose monitoring systems for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 1. CD008101, EK Ia/LoE 1+
• 215 Lean ME, Ng LL, Tennison BR. Interval between insulin injection and eating in relation to blood glucose control in adult diabetics. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290: 105-108 , EK III
• 216 Leese GP, Wang J, Broomhall J. et al. Frequency of severe hypoglycemia requiring emergency treatment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a population-based study of health service resource use. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (04) 1176-1180 , EK IIb
• 217 Lehmann R, Graziano J, Brockmann J. et al. Glycemic Control in Simultaneous Islet-Kidney Versus Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetes: A Prospective 13-Year Follow-up. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (05) 752-759 , LoE 2-
• 218 Lehmann R, Spinas GA, Moritz W. et al. Has time come for new goals in human islet transplantation?. Am J Transplant 2008; 8 (06) 1096-1100 , LoE 4
• 219 Levin DL. Cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008; 9 (03) 320-329 , EK III
• 220 Lind M, Polonsky W, Hirsch IB. et al. Design and Methods of a Randomized Trial of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Persons With Type 1 Diabetes With Impaired Glycemic Control Treated With Multiple Daily Insulin Injections (GOLD Study). J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10 (03) 754-761 , EK III
• 221 Lind M, Svensson AM, Kosiborod M. et al. Glycemic control and excess mortality in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014; 371 (21) 1972-1982 , EK IIa/LoE 2+
• 222 Lindahl JP, Reinholt FP, Eide IA. et al. In patients with type 1 diabetes simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation preserves long-term kidney graft ultrastructure and function better than transplantation of kidney alone. Diabetologia 2014; 57 (11) 2357-2365 , EK III
• 223 Lindsay R, Bolte RG. The use of an insulin bolus in low-dose insulin infusion for pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Emerg Care 1989; 5 (02) 77-79 , EK Ib
• 224 Lipska KJ, Hirsch IB, Riddle MC. Human Insulin for Type 2 Diabetes: An Effective, Less-Expensive Option. JAMA 2017; 318 (01) 23-24 , EK IV/LoE 4
• 225 Little SA, Leelarathna L, Walkinshaw E. et al. Recovery of hypoglycemia awareness in long-standing type 1 diabetes: a multicenter 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial comparing insulin pump with multiple daily injections and continuous with conventional glucose self-monitoring (HypoCOMPaSS). Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (08) 2114-2122 , EK Ia
• 226 Lopez X, Castells M, Ricker A. et al. Human insulin analog--induced lipoatrophy. Diabetes Care 2008; 31 (03) 442-444 , EK III
• 227 Lucidi P, Porcellati F, Marinelli Andreoli A. et al. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of NPH Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes: The Importance of Appropriate Resuspension Before Subcutaneous Injection. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (12) 2204-2210, EK IV
• 228 Lund SS, Tarnow L, Astrup AS. et al. Effect of adjunct metformin treatment in patients with type-1 diabetes and persistent inadequate glycaemic control. A randomized study. PLoS One 2008; 3 (10) e3363 , EK Ib
• 229 Ly TT, Nicholas JA, Retterath A. et al. Effect of Sensor-Augmented Insulin Pump Therapy and Automated Insulin Suspension vs Standard Insulin Pump Therapy on Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. JAMA 2013; 310 (12) 1240-1247 , EK Ib
• 230 Magee MF, Bhatt BA. Management of decompensated diabetes. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome. Crit Care Clin 2001; 17 (01) 75-106 , EK IV
• 231 Mathieu C, Zinman B, Hemmingsson JU. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Added to Insulin Treatment in Type 1 Diabetes: The ADJUNCT ONE Treat-To-Target Randomized Trial. Diabetes Care 2016; 39 (10) 1702-1710 , EK Ib/LoE 1-
• 232 Mazer M, Chen E. Is subcutaneous administration of rapid-acting insulin as effective as intravenous insulin for treating diabetic ketoacidosis?. Ann Emerg Med 2009; 53 (02) 259-263 , EK III
• 233 McAulay V, Deary IJ, Frier BM. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes. Diabet Med 2001; 18 (09) 690-705 , EK III
• 234 McConnell YJ, Johnson PM, Porter GA. Surgical site infections following colorectal surgery in patients with diabetes: association with postoperative hyperglycemia. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13 (03) 508-515 , EK III
• 235 McIntyre HD, Knight BA, Harvey DM. et al. Dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) – an audit of outcomes in Australia. Med J Aust 2010; 192 (11) 637-640 , EK IIb
• 236 Molina JE, Sutherland DER, Wang Y. et al. Coronary Bypass before Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplants for Type 1 Diabetics in Renal Failure. World J Surg 2004; 28 (10) 1036-1039 , EK IV
• 237 Monami M, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Long-acting insulin analogues vs. NPH human insulin in type 1 diabetes. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009; 11 (04) 372-378 , EK Ia
• 238 Morris LR, Murphy MB, Kitabchi AE. Bicarbonate therapy in severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105 (06) 836-840 , EK Ib
• 239 Mühlhauser I, Bruckner I, Berger M. et al. Evaluation of an intensified insulin treatment and teaching programme as routine management of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. The Bucharest-Dusseldorf Study. Diabetologia 1987; 30 (09) 681-690 , EK IIa
• 240 Muis MJ, Bots ML, Bilo HJ. et al. Determinants of daily insulin use in Type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2006; 20 (06) 356-360 , EK III
• 241 Mukhopadhyay A, Farrell T, Fraser RB. et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs intensive conventional insulin therapy in pregnant diabetic women: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197 (05) 447-456 , EK Ia
• 242 Mullins P, Sharplin P, Yki-Jarvinen H. et al. Negative binomial meta-regression analysis of combined glycosylated hemoglobin and hypoglycemia outcomes across eleven Phase III and IV studies of insulin glargine compared with neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 2007; 29 (08) 1607-1619 , EK Ia
• 243 Murao S, Hirata K, Ishida T. et al. Lipoatrophy induced by recombinant human insulin injection. Intern Med 1998; 37 (12) 1031-1033 , EK III
• 244 Nathan DM. The diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study at 30 years: overview. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (01) 9-16 , EK III
• 245 Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY. et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353 (25) 2643-2653 , EK IIb
• 246 Nathan DM, Zinman B, Cleary PA. et al. Modern-day clinical course of type 1 diabetes mellitus after 30 years' duration: the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications and Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications experience (1983-2005). Arch Intern Med 2009; 169 (14) 1307-1316 , EK IIb
• 247 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. 2015 [cited 2017-04-22]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
• 248 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia). 2016 Available from: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/preventing-problems/low-blood-glucose-hypoglycemia , EK IV
• 249 Nordrheinische Gemeinsame Einrichtung Disease-Management-Programme. Qualitätssicherungsbericht 2015. Disease-Management-Programme in Nordrhein. Brustkrebs, Diabetes mellitus Typ 1/Typ 2, Koronare Herzkrankheit, Asthma/COPD. 2016 Available from: http://www.kvno.de/downloads/quali/qualbe_dmp15.pdf [cited 2017-11-24], EK III.
• 250 Nordrheinische Gemeinsame Einrichtung Disease-Management-Programme. Qualitätssicherungsbericht 2014. Disease-Management-Programme in Nordrhein. Brustkrebs, Diabetes mellitus Typ 1/Typ 2, Koronare Herzkrankheit, Asthma/COPD. 2014 Available from: https://www.kvno.de/downloads/quali/qualbe_dmp14.pdf [cited 2017-09-23], EK III/LoE 3
• 251 Nordrheinische Gemeinsame Einrichtung Disease-Management-Programme. Qualitätssicherungsbericht 2008. Disease-Management-Programme in Nordrhein. Brustkrebs, Diabetes mellitus Typ 1/Typ 2, Koronare Herzkrankheit, Asthma/COPD. 2009 Available from: http://www.kvno.de/downloads/quali/qualbe_dmp08.pdf [cited 2017-11-24], EK III
• 252 Nosek L, Coester HV, Roepstorff C. et al. Glucose-Lowering Effect of Insulin Degludec is Independent of Subcutaneous Injection Region. Clin Drug Investig 2014; 34 (09) 673-679 , EK II
• 253 Nyenwe EA, Kitabchi AE. Evidence-based management of hyperglycemic emergencies in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94 (03) 340-351 , EK IV/LoE 4
• 254 Ojo AO, Meier-Kriesche HU, Arndorfer JA. et al. Long-term benefit of kidney-pancreas transplants in type 1 diabetics. Transplant Proc 2001; 33 (01) 1670-1672
• 255 Palmer JP, Asplin CM, Clemons P. et al. Insulin antibodies in insulin-dependent diabetics before insulin treatment. Science 1983; 222: 1337-1339 , EK III
• 256 Partridge H, Perkins B, Mathieu S. et al. Clinical recommendations in the management of the patient with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump therapy in the perioperative period: a primer for the anaesthetist. Br J Anaesth 2016; 116 (01) 18-26 , EK IV/LoE 4
• 257 Paterson MA, Smart CEM, Lopez PE. et al. Influence of dietary protein on postprandial blood glucose levels in individuals with Type 1 diabetes mellitus using intensive insulin therapy. Diabet Med 2016; 33 (05) 592-598 , EK Ib
• 258 Paty BW, Lanz K, Kendall DM. et al. Restored hypoglycemic counterregulation is stable in successful pancreas transplant recipients for up to 19 years after transplantation. Transplantation 2001; 72 (06) 1103-1107 , EK III
• 259 Pavlovic MD, Milenkovic T, Dinic M. et al. The prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (08) 1964-1967 , EK IIb
• 260 Pedersen-Bjergaard U. Severe hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes: impact of the renin-angiotensin system and other risk factors. Dan Med Bull 2009; 56 (04) 193-207 , EK III
• 261 Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Pramming S, Heller SR. et al. Severe hypoglycaemia in 1076 adult patients with type 1 diabetes: Influence of risk markers and selection. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2004; 20 (06) 479-486 , EK III
• 262 Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Pramming S, Thorsteinsson B. Recall of severe hypoglycaemia and self-estimated state of awareness in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2003; 19 (03) 232-240 , EK IIb
• 263 Perkins BA, Cherney DZI, Partridge H. et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes: results of an 8-week open-label proof-of-concept trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (05) 1480-1483 , EK IIb/LoE 2+
• 264 Pescovitz MD, Greenbaum CJ, Krause-Steinrauf H. et al. Rituximab, B-lymphocyte depletion, and preservation of beta-cell function. N Engl J Med 2009; 361 (22) 2143-2152 , EK Ib
• 265 Petrie JR, Chaturvedi N, Ford I. et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of metformin in patients with type 1 diabetes (REMOVAL): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017; 5 (08) 597-609 , EK Ib/LoE 1-
• 266 Pfeiffer; Gebauer, S.; Rubin, D.; Schulze, M.; Buchholz, G.; Klein, H. Ernährungsempfehlungen zur Behandlung des Diabetes mellitus – Empfehlungen zur Proteinzufuhr. 2015 Available from: http://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/057-025l_S3_Diabetes_mellitus_Empfehlungen_Proteinzufuhr_2015-10.pdf [cited 2017-11-24], EK IV
• 267 Pfohl. Diabetes, Sport und Reisen. In: Schatz H. Hg., editors Diabetologie kompakt: Grundlagen und Praxis. 4.. , erweiterte und aktualisierte Auflage Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag; 2006
• 268 Pickup JC, Freeman SC, Sutton AJ. Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes during real time continuous glucose monitoring compared with self monitoring of blood glucose: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials using individual patient data. BMJ 2011; 343: d3805 , EK Ia
• 269 Pickup JC, Sutton AJ. Severe hypoglycaemia and glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of multiple daily insulin injections compared with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabet Med 2008; 25 (07) 765-774 , EK IIb
• 270 Plank J, Köhler G, Rakovac I. et al. Long-term evaluation of a structured outpatient education programme for intensified insulin therapy in patients with Type 1 diabetes: A 12-year follow-up. Diabetologia 2004; 47 (08) 1370-1375 , EK IIb
• 271 Plener PL, Molz E, Berger G. et al. Depression, metabolic control, and antidepressant medication in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16 (01) 58-66 , EK III
• 272 Polonsky WH, Hessler D. What are the quality of life-related benefits and losses associated with real-time continuous glucose monitoring? A survey of current users. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013; 15 (04) 295-301 , EK III/LoE 3
• 273 Polonsky WH, Hessler D, Ruedy KJ. et al. The Impact of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Markers of Quality of Life in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Further Findings From the DIAMOND Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (06) 736-741 , EK Ib
• 274 Posselt AM, Bellin MD, Tavakol M. et al. Islet Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetics Using an Immunosuppressive Protocol Based on the Anti-LFA-1 Antibody Efalizumab. American Journal of Transplantation 2010; 10 (08) 1870-1880 , EK V
• 275 Pramming S, Thorsteinsson B, Bendtson I. et al. Symptomatic hypoglycaemia in 411 type 1 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1991; 8 (03) 217-222 , EK IIb
• 276 Ramos M, Khalpey Z, Lipsitz S. et al. Relationship of perioperative hyperglycemia and postoperative infections in patients who undergo general and vascular surgery. Ann Surg 2008; 248 (04) 585-591 , EK III
• 277 Rave K, Heinemann L, Puhl L. et al. Premixed formulations of insulin lispro. Activity profiles in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1999; 22 (05) 865-866 , EK III
• 278 Rave K, Klein O, Frick AD. et al. Advantage of premeal-injected insulin glulisine compared with regular human insulin in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (08) 1812-1817 , EK Ib
• 279 Raz I, Avron A, Tamir M. et al. Treatment of new-onset type 1 diabetes with peptide DiaPep277 is safe and associated with preserved beta-cell function: extension of a randomized, double-blind, phase II trial. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007; 23 (04) 292-298 , EK Ib
• 280 Redelmeier DA, Kenshole AB, Ray JG. Motor vehicle crashes in diabetic patients with tight glycemic control: A population-based case control analysis. PLoS Med 2009; 6 (12) e1000192 , EK III/LoE 3
• 281 Retnakaran R, Hochman J, DeVries JH. et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections: the impact of baseline A1c. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (11) 2590-2596 , EK Ia
• 282 Rickels MR, Fuller C, Dalton-Bakes C. et al. Restoration of Glucose Counterregulation by Islet Transplantation in Long-standing Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64 (05) 1713-1718 , EK III
• 283 Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). RKI – Nationale Diabetes-Surveillance – Nationale Diabetes-Surveillance am Robert Koch-Institut. 2017 Available from: http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Gesundheitsmonitoring/Studien/Diabetes_Surveillance/diab_surv_inhalt.html [cited 2017-11-24], EK IV
• 284 Roy T, Lloyd CE. Epidemiology of depression and diabetes: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2012 142. 08 EK III
• 285 Ryan EA, Lakey JRT, Paty BW. et al. Successful Islet Transplantation: Continued Insulin Reserve Provides Long-Term Glycemic Control. Diabetes 2002; 51 (07) 2148-2157 , EK III
• 286 Sämann A, Mühlhauser I, Bender R. et al. Glycaemic control and severe hypoglycaemia following training in flexible, intensive insulin therapy to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: a prospective implementation study. Diabetologia 2005; 48 (10) 1965-1970 , EK IIb
• 287 Sanches ACC, Correr CJ, Venson R. et al. Insulin analogues versus human insulin in type 1 diabetes: Direct and indirect meta-analyses of efficacy and safety. Braz J Pharm Sci 2013; 49 (03) 501-509 , EK Ia/LoE 1-
• 288 Sane T, Koivisto VA, Nikkanen P. et al. Adjustment of insulin doses of diabetic patients during long distance flights. BMJ 1990; 301: 421-422 , EK III
• 289 Saudek CD, Derr RL, Kalyani RR. Assessing glycemia in diabetes using self-monitoring blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c. JAMA 2006; 295 (14) 1688-1697 , EK IV
• 290 Schachinger H, Hegar K, Hermanns N. et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial of Blood Glucose Awareness Training (BGAT III) in Switzerland and Germany. J Behav Med 2005; 28 (06) 587-594 , EK Ib
• 291 Scheen AJ, Letiexhe MR, Lefebvre PJ. Minimal influence of the time interval between injection of regular insulin and food intake on blood glucose control of type 1 diabetic patients on a basal-bolus insulin scheme. Diabetes Metab 1999; 25 (02) 157-162 , EK IIb
• 292 Schloot NC, Meierhoff G, Lengyel C. et al. Effect of heat shock protein peptide DiaPep277 on beta-cell function in paediatric and adult patients with recent-onset diabetes mellitus type 1: two prospective, randomized, double-blind phase II trials. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007; 23 (04) 276-285 , EK Ib
• 293 Schlosser M, Mueller PW, Torn C. et al. Diabetes Antibody Standardization Program: evaluation of assays for insulin autoantibodies. Diabetologia 2010; 53 (12) 2611-2620 , EK III
• 294 Schmidt S, Schelde B, Nørgaard K. Effects of advanced carbohydrate counting in patients with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabet Med 2014; 31 (08) 886-896 , EK III
• 295 Schmülling RM, Pfohl M, Renn W. et al. Flugreisen trotz Diabetes? Der Einfluβ einer westlichen und östlichen Zeitverschiebung auf den Rhythmus zirkadianer Hormone und die Stoffwechseleinstellung von Typ I-Diabetikern. Z Allg Med 1995; 71: 212-225 , EK IIa
• 296 Seissler J, Scherbaum WA. Autoimmune diagnostics in diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006; 44 (02) 133-137 , EK IV
• 297 Seissler J, de Sonnaville JJ, Morgenthaler NG. et al. Immunological heterogeneity in type I diabetes: presence of distinct autoantibody patterns in patients with acute onset and slowly progressive disease. Diabetologia 1998; 41 (08) 891-897 , EK III/LoE 3
• 298 Shapiro AJ, Lakey JRT, Ryan EA. et al. Islet Transplantation in Seven Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using a Glucocorticoid-Free Immunosuppressive Regimen. N Engl J Med 2000; 343 (04) 230-238 , EK III
• 299 Shapiro AM, Ricordi C, Hering BJ. et al. International trial of the Edmonton protocol for islet transplantation. N Engl J Med 2006; 355 (13) 1318-1330 , EK III
• 300 Sheldon B, Russell-Jones D, Wright J. Insulin analogues: an example of applied medical science. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009; 11 (01) 5-19 , EK IV/LoE 4
• 301 Shiramoto M, Eto T, Irie S. et al. Single-dose new insulin glargine 300 U/ml provides prolonged, stable glycaemic control in Japanese and European people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17 (03) 254-260 , EK II
• 302 Singh SR, Ahmad F, Lal A. et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin analogues for the management of diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2009; 180 (04) 385-397 , EK Ia
• 303 Sollinger HW, Odorico JS, Becker YT. et al. One Thousand Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplants at a Single Center With 22-Year Follow-Up. Ann Surg 2009; 250: 618-630 , EK III
• 304 Sollinger HW, Odorico JS, Knechtle SJ. et al. Experience With 500 Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplants. Ann Surg 1998; 228 (03) 284-296 , EK III
• 305 Steineck I, Cederholm J, Eliasson B. et al. Insulin pump therapy, multiple daily injections, and cardiovascular mortality in 18,168 people with type 1 diabetes: observational study. BMJ 2015; 350: h3234 , EK IIb
• 306 Stork AD, van Haeften TW, Veneman TF. Diabetes and driving: Desired data, research methods and their pitfalls, current knowledge, and future research. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (08) 1942-1949 , EK III
• 307 Studer C, Sankou W, Penfornis A. et al. Efficacy and safety of an insulin infusion protocol during and after cardiac surgery. Diabetes Metab 2010; 36 (01) 71-78 , EK IIb
• 308 Sutherland DE, Gruessner RW, Dunn DL. et al. Lessons learned from more than 1,000 pancreas transplants at a single institution. Ann Surg 2001; 233 (04) 463-501 , EK III
• 309 Swinnen SG, Mullins P, Miller M. et al. Changing the glucose cut-off values that define hypoglycaemia has a major effect on reported frequencies of hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia 2009; 52 (01) 38-41 , EK III
• 310 Tamás G, Marre M, Astorga R. et al. Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetic patients using optimised insulin aspart or human insulin in a randomised multinational study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2001; 54 (02) 105-114 , EK Ib/LoE 1-
• 311 Tamayo; Rathmann, W. Epidemiologie des Diabetes in Deutschland. In: Deutscher Gesundheitsbericht Diabetes 2016. Die Bestandsaufnahme. 2016 Available from: http://www.diabetesde.org/system/files/documents/fileadmin/users/Patientenseite/PDFs_und_TEXTE/Infomaterial/Gesundheitsbericht_2016.pdf [cited 2017-11-14], EK III
• 312 ter Braak EW, Appelman AM, van de Laak M. et al. Clinical characteristics of type 1 diabetic patients with and without severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 2000; 23 (10) 1467-1471 , EK IIb
• 313 Terent A, Hagfall O, Cederholm U. The effect of education and self-monitoring of blood glucose on glycosylated hemoglobin in type I diabetes. A controlled 18-month trial in a representative population. Acta Med Scand 1985; 217 (01) 47-53 , EK Ib
• 314 Thompson DM, Begg IS, Harris C. et al. Reduced progression of diabetic retinopathy after islet cell transplantation compared with intensive medical therapy. Transplantation 2008; 85 (10) 1400-1405 , EK IIa
• 315 Thompson DM, Meloche M, Ao Z. et al. Reduced progression of diabetic microvascular complications with islet cell transplantation compared with intensive medical therapy. Transplantation 2011; 91 (03) 373-378 , EK IIa
• 316 Törn C, Mueller PW, Schlosser M. et al. Diabetes Antibody Standardization Program: evaluation of assays for autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase and islet antigen-2. Diabetologia 2008; 51 (05) 846-852 , EK III
• 317 Trout KK, Rickels MR, Schutta MH. et al. Menstrual cycle effects on insulin sensitivity in women with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007; 9 (02) 176-182 , EK III
• 318 Tumminia A, Crimi S, Sciacca L. et al. Efficacy of real-time continuous glucose monitoring on glycaemic control and glucose variability in type 1 diabetic patients treated with either insulin pumps or multiple insulin injection therapy: a randomized controlled crossover trial. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31 (01) 61-68 , EK Ia
• 319 Tuomi T, Santoro N, Caprio S. et al. The many faces of diabetes: A disease with increasing heterogeneity. The Lancet 2014; 383: 1084-1094 , EK IV/LoE 4
• 320 Turner R, Stratton I, Horton V. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. et al. UKPDS 25: autoantibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1997; 350: 1288-1293 , EK III/LoE 3
• 321 Umpierrez G, Cardona S, Pasquel F. et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of Intensive Versus Conservative Glucose Control in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: GLUCO-CABG Trial. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (09) 1665-1672 , EK I
• 322 Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, Karabell A. et al. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with subcutaneous insulin aspart. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (08) 1873-1878 , EK Ib
• 323 Umpierrez GE, Jones S, Smiley D. et al. Insulin analogs versus human insulin in the treatment of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (07) 1164-1169 , EK Ib
• 324 Umpierrez GE, Latif K, Stoever J. et al. Efficacy of subcutaneous insulin lispro versus continuous intravenous regular insulin for the treatment of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Med 2004; 117 (05) 291-296 , EK Ib
• 325 Underwood P, Askari R, Hurwitz S. et al. Preoperative A1C and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes undergoing major noncardiac surgical procedures. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (03) 611-616 , EK I
• 326 van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F. et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345 (19) 1359-1367 , EK Ib
• 327 Vardar B, Kizilci S. Incidence of lipohypertrophy in diabetic patients and a study of influencing factors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 77 (02) 231-236 , EK III
• 328 Vardi M, Jacobson E, Nini A. et al. Intermediate acting versus long acting insulin for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 CD006297, EK Ia/LoE 1+
• 329 Vella S, Buetow L, Royle P. et al. The use of metformin in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review of efficacy. Diabetologia 2010; 53 (05) 809-820 , EK IIa/LoE 2++
• 330 Venstrom JM, McBride MA, Rother KI. et al. Survival after pancreas transplantation in patients with diabetes and preserved kidney function. JAMA 2003; 290 (21) 2817-2823 , EK IIb
• 331 Verge CF, Howard NJ, Rowley MJ. et al. Anti-glutamate decarboxylase and other antibodies at the onset of childhood IDDM: a population-based study. Diabetologia 1994; 37 (11) 1113-1120 , EK III/LoE 3
• 332 Viallon A, Zeni F, Lafond P. et al. Does bicarbonate therapy improve the management of severe diabetic ketoacidosis?. Crit Care Med 1999; 27 (12) 2690-2693 , EK IIb
• 333 Vignesh JP, Mohan V. Hypoglycaemia unawareness. J Assoc Physicians India 2004; 52: 727-732 , EK III
• 334 Wai PY, Sollinger HW. Long-term outcomes after simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplant. Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 2011; 16 (01) 128-134 , EK III
• 335 Waldhäusl W, Bratusch-Marrain P, Gasic S. et al. Insulin production rate following glucose ingestion estimated by splanchnic C-peptide output in normal man. Diabetologia 1979; 17 (04) 221-227 , EK III
• 336 Walter M, Philotheou A, Bonnici F. et al. No effect of the altered peptide ligand NBI-6024 on beta-cell residual function and insulin needs in new-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (11) 2036-2040 , EK Ib
• 337 Wang B, An X, Shi X. et al. Management of endocrine disease: Suicide risk in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177 (04) R169-R181 , EK IIb
• 338 Wang PH, Lau J, Chalmers TC. Meta-analysis of effects of intensive blood-glucose control on late complications of type I diabetes. Lancet 1993; 341: 1306-1309 , EK Ib
• 339 Warncke K, Frohlich-Reiterer EE, Thon A. et al. Polyendocrinopathy in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter analysis of 28,671 patients from the German/Austrian DPV-Wiss database. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (09) 2010-2012 , EK III
• 340 Wenzlau JM, Juhl K, Yu L. et al. The cation efflux transporter ZnT8 (Slc30A8) is a major autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U. S. A 2007; 104 (43) 17040-17045 , EK III
• 341 Weyer C, Heise T, Heinemann L. Insulin Aspart in a 30/70 Premixed Formulation: Pharmacodynamic properties of a rapid-acting insulin analog in stable mixture. Diabetes Care 1997; 20 (10) 1612-1614 , EK III
• 342 White NH, Sun W, Cleary PA. et al. Prolonged effect of intensive therapy on the risk of retinopathy complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: 10 years after the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126 (12) 1707-1715 , EK III
• 343 White R, Tata P, Burns T. Mood, learned resourcefulness and perceptions of control in type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Psychosom Res 1996; 40 (02) 205-212 , EK IIb
• 344 Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ. Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008; 300 (08) 933-944 , EK Ia
• 345 Wiest-Ladenburger U, Hartmann R, Hartmann U. et al. Combined analysis and single-step detection of GAD65 and IA2 autoantibodies in IDDM can replace the histochemical islet cell antibody test. Diabetes 1997; 46 (04) 565-571 , EK III
• 346 Williams KV, Erbey JR, Becker D. et al. Can clinical factors estimate insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes?. Diabetes 2000; 49 (04) 626-632 , EK IIb/LoE 2+
• 347 Wiseman AC, Huang E, Kamgar M. et al. The impact of pre-transplant dialysis on simultaneous pancreas-kidney versus living donor kidney transplant outcomes: A Single Institution Experience. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28 (04) 1047-1058 , EK Ib
• 348 Wolpert HA, Atakov-Castillo A, Smith SA. et al. Dietary fat acutely increases glucose concentrations and insulin requirements in patients with type 1 diabetes: Implications for carbohydrate-based bolus dose calculation and intensive diabetes management. Diabetes Care 2013; 36 (04) 810-816 , EK III
• 349 Woodworth JR, Howey DC, Bowsher RR. et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics and glucodynamics of two human insulin mixtures. 70/30 and 50/50 insulin mixtures. Diabetes Care 1994; 17 (05) 366-371 , EK II
• 350 Worth R, Home PD, Johnston DG. et al. Intensive attention improves glycaemic control in insulin-dependent diabetes without further advantage from home blood glucose monitoring: results of a controlled trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 285: 1233-1240 , EK Ib
• 351 Wutte A, Plank J, Sinner F. Dose-response relationship and within-subject variability of insulin detemir and NPH insulin in subjects with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2004; 53 (Suppl. 02) A152 , EK IV
• 352 Yaffe K, Falvey CM, Hamilton N. et al. Association between hypoglycemia and dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults with diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173 (14) 1300-1306 , EK II
• 353 Yeoh E, Choudhary P, Nwokolo M. et al. Interventions That Restore Awareness of Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (08) 1592-1609 , EK I
• 354 Yosipovitch G, Hodak E, Vardi P. et al. The prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in IDDM patients and their association with diabetes risk factors and microvascular complications. Diabetes Care 1998; 21 (04) 506-509 , EK III